Bach is the essence of music.

Johann Sebastian Bach
Elias Gottlob Haussmann, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The undisputed master of the Baroque Period, and usually considered one of the greatest composers of all time, is Johann Sebastian Bach. He was born in Eisenach, a small city in the Holy Roman Empire, in 1685, the youngest of eight children. His parents died when he was ten years old, but his musical training had already begun and was continued by his family.

He worked at a number of churches throughout the German state of Thüringen, eventually gaining some fame for his skill as an organist. While serving at a church in Arnstadt in 1706, he was reprimanded for "making music" with an unauthorized "strange maiden" in the organ loft. This was his second cousin, Maria Barbara Bach, whom he married the following year. She died suddenly in 1720, but not before giving birth to seven children.

In 1721, Bach attempted to gain the patronage of the Margrave of Brandenburg by writing a series of concerti (called the "Brandenburg Concertos"), but received no response and the concerti went unplayed for two hundred years. During this time, he also met and married his second wife, Anna Magdalena, sixteen years his younger, and with whom he would have another thirteen children.

In 1723, Bach became the music director at St. Thomas Lutheran Church in Leipzig, in the German state of Saxony. He held this position for twenty-seven years. His primary duty was to compose liturgical music, but he was a hard worker and composed in many other genres as well. Eventually he was also appointed court composer to Augustus, the Elector of Saxony and King of Poland. In 1747, he met Frederick II, King of Brandenburg-Prussia, whom he impressed by improvising a series of fugues ("A Musical Offering") on a theme the king himself provided.

Bach was remembered primarily as an organ composer until a great revival of interest in his life and work during the ninteenth century, led largely by Felix Mendelssohn. Today, his legacy is notable for his choral music, especially cantatas (which, like oratorios, use the musical forms of opera to explore a sacred hymntune) and chorales, his fugues, his concerti, and sonatas, which are similar to concerti but with a solo instrument or solo instrument and keyboard instead of an orchestra.

Bach's eyesight began to fail, and he was operated on by John Taylor, the same surgeon who had operated on Händel. Bach died following the surgery.

In Bach's music, the various styles and techniques of the Baroque Period reached their apotheosis. Especially in his cantatas and passions, he combined the chorale style of the Reformation with the polyphonic textures of the Counter-Reformation and counterpoint of the concerti written by Vivaldi and Corelli, masterfully directing every available technique to the service of the profound religious messages at the heart of his work. Johann Sebastian Bach is the fulcrum on which heart and mind, emotion and intellect, passion and reason find their perfect balance. To this day, he is univerally considered among the greatest composers of all time.